Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States:
Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health60 | October 2021
79. Follow-up clinical interviews for classifying whether adults had a
mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder in the past year used the
Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders,
Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). See the following
reference: First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W.
(2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders,
Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). New York, NY: New
York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.
80. Information on the definitions and estimation methods for the mental
illness estimates is provided in Section 3.4.7 and Appendix A of
CBHSQ (2021). See the following reference: Center for Behavioral
Health Statistics and Quality. (2021). 2020 National Survey on Drug
Use and Health: Methodological summary and definitions. Retrieved from
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
81. Hedegaard, H., Curtin, S. C., & Warner, M. (2021, February). Suicide
mortality in the United States, 1999–2019 (NCHS Data Brief No. 398).
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs.htm
82. Ahmad, F. B., & Anderson, R. N. (2021). e leading causes of death
in the US for 2020. JAMA, 325, 1829-1830. https://doi.org/10.1001/
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83. Stone, D. M., Simon, T. R., Fowler, K. A., Kegler, S. R., Yuan, K.,
Holland, K. M., Ivey-Stephenson, A. Z., & Crosby, A. E. (2018, June
8). Vital Signs: Trends in state suicide rates — United States, 1999-
2016 and circumstances contributing to suicide — 27 states, 2015.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(22), 617-624. https://doi.
org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a1
84. Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018, November).
Mortality in the United States, 2017 (NCHS Data Brief No. 328).
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs.htm
85. Xu, J., Murphy, S. L., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2020, January).
Mortality in the United States, 2018 (NCHS Data Brief No. 355).
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86. Data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research)
Multiple Cause of Death database, 2018-2019, as compiled from
data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital
Statistics Cooperative Program. See the following reference: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
(2020). Underlying cause of death 2018-2019. Retrieved from https://
wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html
87. Crosby, A. E., Han, B., Ortega, L. A. G., Parks, S. E., & Gfroerer, J.
(2011, October 21). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged
≥18 years—United States, 2008-2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report Surveillance Summaries, 60(SS13), 1-22. Retrieved from https://
www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6013a1.htm
88. Han, B., Kott, P. S., Hughes, A., McKeon, R., Blanco, C., & Compton,
W. M. (2016). Estimating the rates of deaths by suicide among adults
who attempt suicide in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
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89. Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur,
N., Khan, M., O’Connor, R. C., Pirkis, J., & COVID-19 Suicide
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incidence and lethality of suicidal acts in the United States, 2006
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91. Miron, O., Yu, K.-H., Wilf-Miron, R., & Kohane, I. S. (2019).
Suicide rates among adolescents and young adults in the United
States, 2000-2017. JAMA, 321, 2362-2364. https://doi.org/10.1001/
jama.2019.5054
92. Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2020). National trends in mental health
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93. Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the
prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
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1878
94. Examples of ACEs include abuse, neglect, and negative family
interactions. ACEs can occur anytime from birth to age 17.
95. ompson, M. P., Kingree, J. B., & Lamis, D. (2019). Associations
of adverse childhood experiences and suicidal behaviors in adulthood
in a US nationally representative sample. Child: Care, Health and
Development, 45(1), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12617
96. Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D.
F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction,
and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings
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3096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
97. Yard, E., Radhakrishnan, L., Ballesteros, M. F., Sheppard, M., Gates,
A., Stein, Z., Hartnett, K., Kite-Powell, A., Rodgers, L., Adjemian,
J., Ehlman, D. C., Holland, K., Idaikkadar, N., Ivey-Stephenson, A.,
Martinez, P., Law, R., & Stone, D. M. (2021). Emergency department
visits for suspected suicide attempts among persons aged 12–25 years
before and during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, January
2019–May 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(24), 888-
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98. Respondents were eligible to be asked the substance use treatment
questions if they reported lifetime use of alcohol, marijuana,
cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants,
or methamphetamine, or the lifetime misuse of prescription
psychotherapeutic drugs (i.e., pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or
sedatives). Respondents who were lifetime users of tobacco products or
other substances (e.g., kratom) but who did not report lifetime use or
misuse of the substances mentioned in the previous sentence were not
asked the substance use treatment questions.
99. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020).
Opioid treatment program (OTP) guidance. Retrieved from https://www.
samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/otp-guidance-20200316.pdf
100. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2020). Use of telephone evaluations
to initiate buprenorphine prescribing. Retrieved on June 8, 2021, from
https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/
101. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Best practice
guide: Telehealth for behavioral health care: Billing for telebehavioral
health. Retrieved on June 18, 2021, from https://telehealth.hhs.gov/
providers/telehealth-for-behavioral-health/billing-for-telebehavioral-
health/