2018 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Rwanda

Rwanda

Significant advancement

2018 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

In 2018, Rwanda made a significant advancement in

efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The

government adopted several new laws to strengthen

protections for children, including a revised Labor

Law, a comprehensive anti-trafficking law, a law

imposing heightened penalties for the use of children

in armed conflict or illicit activities, and the Law on

Child Protection that supplements the existing 2012

law. The government also established the Rwanda

Investigation Bureau, which conducts investigations

into criminal matters, including child labor, and

actively partnered with the United States Agency

for International Development and the International

Organization for Migration to conduct a research

study on human trafficking trends in Rwanda. In

addition, the government obtained one conviction in a

child trafficking case and launched a 5-year advocacy

campaign against child labor. However, children in Rwanda engage in the worst forms of child labor, including

in forced domestic work, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks

in agriculture. The number of labor inspectors does not meet the ILO’s technical advice for the size of the

workforce. In addition, resource constraints limited some government efforts to combat child labor, and social

programs did not address all relevant sectors where child labor was present.

I. PREVALENCE AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD LABOR

Children in Rwanda engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in forced domestic work, sometimes as a

result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in agriculture.(1-3) In 2018, the government

released the results of the Fifth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey conducted in 2016/2017, which

revealed a decrease of 3 percentage points in the percentage of working children since the 2013/2014 survey. (4)

Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Rwanda. Data on some of these indicators

are not available from the sources used in this report.

Table 1. Statistics on Children’s Work and

Education

Children Age Percent

Working (% and population) 6 to 14 5.4 (156,522)

Attending School (%) 6 to 14 89.4

Combining Work and School (%) 7 to 14 4.9

Primary Completion Rate (%) Unavailable

Primary completion rate was unavailable from UNESCO Institute for Statistics,

2019. (5)

Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics

from Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV-5), 2016-2017. (6)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2

provides an overview of children’s work by sector and

activity.

Figure 1. Working Children by Sector,

Ages 10-14

Agriculture

78.9%

Services

17.9%

Industry

3.2%

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Table 2. Overview of Children’s Work by Sector and Activity

Sector/Industry Activity

Agriculture Production of bananas, beans, coffee, maize, potatoes, sorghum, sugarcane, and sweet potatoes, including

carrying heavy loads† and wielding machetes (1,2)

Forestry activities (1)

Production of tea, including applying fertilizers,† carrying heavy loads,† planting, plucking tea leaves, and

weeding (7)

Fishing† (1)

Industry Construction,† including laying bricks (1,3,8)

Mining† tantalum ore (coltan) and quarrying (1,3,9)

Services Domestic work† (1,2,8,10-12)

Repair and cleaning of motorcycles and motor vehicles (1,13)

Street work, including collecting scrap metal,† carrying heavy loads as porters,† and small-scale

vending (1,13-16)

Categorical Worst Forms of

Child Labor‡

Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (12,13,17)

Forced labor in agricultural and domestic work, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking (8,10,17)

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.

‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Data collected in a 2016/2017 national household survey showed that approximately 3.6 percent of all children

in Rwanda are engaged in child labor, primarily in the agriculture and service sectors. (4) Although Rwanda is

not a destination for child trafficking, it is a source and transit country for children, primarily those heading to

Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and elsewhere in East Africa for commercial sexual exploitation

and forced labor in domestic work, and in the agricultural and industrial sectors. (12,17)

Although the Ministry of Education established a policy that provides free basic education for 12 years, of

which the first 9 are compulsory, in practice, the costs of uniforms, school supplies, and unofficial school fees

may preclude some families from sending their children to school. (18-20) On January 9, 2019, the Ministry of

Education issued a statement expressing concern that schools were levying high school fees on families and

prohibited schools from increasing fees during the first term of the 2019/2020 school year. (3) In 2016, the

government authorized sanctions against parents who do not send their children to school or individuals whose

employment of children prevents them from going to school, but there were no reports of such sanctions

being applied. (20-22) During the 2017/2018 school year, there was a slight decrease in the number of children

transitioning from primary to secondary school over the previous year—from 74.5 percent to 71.6 percent. (23)

II. Legal Framework for Child Labor

Rwanda has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

Table 3. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor

Convention Ratification

ILO C. 138, Minimum Age

ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor

UN CRC

UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict

UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons

The government’s laws and regulations are in line with relevant international standards (Table 4).

(Cont.)

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2018 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Table 4. Laws and Regulations on Child Labor

Standard

Meets

International

Standards

Age Legislation

Minimum Age for Work Ye s 16 Article 5 of the Labor Law; Article 9 of the Ministerial Instruction Relating to

Prevention and Fight Against Child Labor (24,25)

Minimum Age for

Hazardous Work

Ye s 18 Article 6 of the Labor Law (24)

Identification of

Hazardous Occupations

or Activities Prohibited

for Children

Ye s Article 6 of the Labor Law; Articles 4–6 of Ministerial Order Determining the

List of Worst Forms of Child Labor; Kigali City Guidelines 2012–02; Articles 7–9

of the Ministerial Instruction Relating to the Prevention and Fight against Child

Labor (24-27)

Prohibition of Forced

Labor

Ye s Articles 3.20, and 7of the Labor Law; Article 178 of the Penal Code; Article 51 of the

Law Relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child; Article 9 of the Ministerial

Instruction Relating to Prevention and Fight against Child Labor (24,25,28,29)

Prohibition of Child

Trafficking

Ye s Articles 18–20 and 22–24 of the Law on Prevention, Suppression, and Punishment

of Trafficking in Persons; Article 28 of the Law on Prevention and Punishment of

Gender-Based Violence; Articles 225, 251, and 259–261 of the Penal Code; Article

51 of the Law Relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child; Article 31 of the

Law Relating to the Protection of the Child; Article 9 of the Ministerial Instruction

Relating to Prevention and Fight against Child Labor (25,28-32)

Prohibition of

Commercial Sexual

Exploitation of Children

Ye s Article 24 of the Law on Prevention, Suppression, and Punishment of Trafficking in

Persons; Articles 190, 211, and 260 of the Penal Code; Article 51 of the Law Relating

to the Rights and Protection of the Child; Articles 34 and 35 of the Law Relating

to the Protection of the Child; Article 9 of the Ministerial Instruction Relating to

Prevention and Fight against Child Labor (25,28,29,31,32)

Prohibition of Using

Children in Illicit

Activities

Ye s Article 23 of the Law on Prevention, Suppression, and Punishment of Trafficking

in Persons; Article 220 of the Penal Code; Article 51 of the Law Relating to the

Rights and Protection of the Child; Article 9 of the Ministerial Instruction Relating

to Prevention and Fight against Child Labor; Article 263 of the Law Determining

Offenses and Penalties in General (25,28,29,31,33)

Minimum Age for

Voluntary State Military

Recruitment

Ye s 18 Article 5 of Presidential Order 72/01 Establishing Army General Statutes; Article 7 of

Presidential Order 32/01 Establishing Rwanda Defense Forces Special Statute; Article

50 of the Law Relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child (28,34,35)

Prohibition of

Compulsory

Recruitment of Children

by (State) Military

N/A* Article 5 of Presidential Order 72/01 Establishing Army General Statutes; Articles

99(8) and 100(2) of the Law Determining Offenses and Penalties in General (33, 34)

Prohibition of Military

Recruitment by Non-

state Armed Groups

Ye s Article 221 of the Penal Code (29)

Compulsory Education

Age

Ye s 16 Article 47 of the Law Relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child; Articles

34, 36, and 38 of the Law Governing the Organization and Functioning of Nursery,

Primary and Secondary Education (28,36)

Free Public Education Ye s Article 47 of the Law Relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child (28)

* No conscription (28,34,35)

In 2018, the government adopted a number of new laws. A revised Labor Law grants labor inspectors broader

authority and raised the minimum period of imprisonment from 6 months to 2 years for subjecting children

to prohibited forms of work; new legislation preventing trafficking in persons more closely aligns Rwanda’s

legal framework with the Palermo Protocol; a new law determining offenses and penalties includes heightened

penalties for the use of children in armed conflict and illicit activities; and a Child Protection Law supplements

the 2012 Law on the Rights and Protection of the Child. (24,31-33)

III. ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS ON CHILD LABOR

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child

labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Public Service and Labor that may

hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

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2018 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement

Organization/Agency Role

Ministry of Public Service

and Labor (MIFOTRA)

Enforces labor laws, including laws on child labor. (20) In partnership with the Ministry of Education, reintegrates

children withdrawn from child labor with their families and enrolls them in school. Mobilizes other ministries

and agencies providing social services (including the Ministry of Gender and Family, the National Commission

for Children, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of Local Government) to take an active role in child labor

law enforcement. (3)

Rwandan National Police

(RNP)

Enforces criminal laws related to the worst forms of child labor and operates a free hotline to report incidents

of gender-based violence or child abuse, including child labor. Through its Child Protection Unit and Anti-

Trafficking Unit, enforces laws related to the worst forms of child labor. (3,17,20) It is unknown how many calls

to the hotline were related to child labor.

Rwanda Investigation

Bureau*

Conducts investigations into criminal matters, including child labor, and operates a free hotline to report

incidents of gender-based violence and child abuse, including child labor. In the case of the Directorate for Anti-

Gender-Based Violence, assists victims of the worst forms of child labor through anti-gender-based violence

officers at each of the country’s 78 police stations. (3)

National Public Prosecution

Authority (NPPA)

Prosecutes violations of labor laws, including laws on child labor. (3) Through its anti-Gender Based Violence

unit, 12 prosecutors work with an additional 60 prosecutors trained in handling relevant cases at the district

level. (37)

Directorate General of

Immigration and Emigration

Receives referrals for human trafficking cases and employs an anti-trafficking specialist. Trains border and

immigration officials to identify potential human trafficking victims and verify that children transported across

the border are traveling with the permission of their parents or guardians. (3)

* Agency responsible for child labor enforcement was created during the reporting period.

In April 2018, the Rwanda Investigation Bureau assumed some functions of the Rwandan National Police (RNP),

including the investigation of the worst forms of child labor. (3)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2018, labor law enforcement agencies in Rwanda took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps

exist within the operations of the Ministry of Public Service and Labor that may hinder adequate labor law

enforcement, including human resource allocation.

Table 6. Labor Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor

Overview of Labor Law Enforcement 2017 2018

Labor Inspectorate Funding $183,000 (13) $155,287 (3)

Number of Labor Inspectors 35 (13) 35 (3)

Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties Yes (13) Yes (3)

Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors Yes (13) Yes (3)

Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor Yes (13) Yes (3)

Refresher Courses Provided Yes (13) Yes (3)

Number of Labor Inspections Conducted 1,269 (13) 912 (3)

Number Conducted at Worksite 1,269 (13) 912 (3)

Number of Child Labor Violations Found 234 (13) 51 (3)

Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed 234 (13) Unknown (3)

Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected 234 (13) Unknown (3)

Routine Inspections Conducted Yes (13) Yes (3)

Routine Inspections Targeted Yes (13) Yes (3)

Unannounced Inspections Permitted Yes (13) Yes (3)

Unannounced Inspections Conducted Yes (13) Yes (3)

Complaint Mechanism Exists Yes (13) Yes (3)

Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services Yes (13) Yes (3)

In addition to district-level funding, the Ministry of Public Service and Labor also provided a supplementary

budget to support specific investigations and the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion had a budget of

$1.4 million for activities related to child protection. Although the National Public Prosecution Authority brought

Rwanda

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2018 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

1,866 cases of child defilement to court in 2018, it did not track how many of the 1,168 convictions were related

to child labor. (3)

The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Rwanda’s workforce, which includes more

than 6 million workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every

40,000 workers in less developing economies, Rwanda would employ about 156 labor inspectors. (38,39)

Reports indicate that officials at the local level had difficulty identifying characteristics of child trafficking and child

labor. (37)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2018, criminal law enforcement agencies in Rwanda took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However,

gaps exist within the operations of the RNP that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including

investigation planning.

Table 7. Criminal Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor

Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement 2017 2018

Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators Yes (13) Yes (37)

Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor Yes (13) Yes (37)

Refresher Courses Provided Yes (13) Yes (37)

Number of Investigations Unknown (13) Unknown (37)

Number of Violations Found Unknown (13) 7 (3)

Number of Prosecutions Initiated 4 (13) 2 (3)

Number of Convictions 0 (13) 1 (3)

Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor No (13) Yes (22)

Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services Yes (13) Yes (3)

The National Public Prosecution Authority reported receiving 86 cases of human trafficking, of which 53 were

brought to court. Although it is not known how many of these cases related to children, courts convicted one

person of transnational child trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. The perpetrator was

sentenced to 3 years in prison, which was upheld upon appeal. (22,37) Reports cited by the UN Committee

against Torture indicate that the RNP systematically detained children working on the street, and that some

children were held with adults and beaten while in custody. (20,40)

IV. COORDINATION OF GOVERNMENT EFFORTS ON CHILD LABOR

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However,

gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efforts to address all

forms of child labor.

Table 8. Key Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor

Coordinating Body Role & Description

Inter-Ministerial Steering

Committee on Child Labor

Coordinates government efforts related to the worst forms of child labor, review child labor laws, advocates

the inclusion of child labor policies in national development plans, oversees the implementation of child labor

interventions, and conducts field visits to assess the prevalence of child labor and to raise awareness of child

labor. (3) MIFOTRA coordinates and provides monitoring and evaluation, including the publication of annual

updates on program and policy implementation related to child labor. (22)

Interagency Working Group

on Human Trafficking

Enables national-level discussion and coordination of efforts to address human trafficking, including child labor.

Includes representatives of the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF), the Ministry of Justice,

the RNP and the NPPA. (3)

MIGEPROF’s National

Commission for Children

Monitors, promotes, and advocates children’s rights; develops action plans to protect children from abuse and

exploitation. Overseen by MIGEPROF and supported by a board of directors and an advisory council of 14

institutions. (3)

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Table 8. Key Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor

Coordinating Body Role & Description

Local Committees Monitor incidents of child labor nationwide and implement policies developed by the Inter-Ministerial Steering

Committee on Child Labor in 30 districts by coordinating with district-level officials in enforcing labor laws

and providing social services to child labor victims. (3) In the case of Gender-Based Violence Committees,

operate at the district level to raise awareness about gender-based violence and coordinate social services to

assist gender-based violence victims. In the case of Child Protection Committees, identify and report cases of

child rights violations at the district, sector, and cell levels. (3,12)

Kigali City Council Task

Force

Coordinates activities to combat child labor in the districts of Gasabo, Kicukiro, and Nyarugenge. The Task

Force met twice during the year, once to discuss strategies to combat child labor and a second time to

implement child labor elimination committees at the village level. (3)

All committees were active during the reporting period, but reports indicate that poor coordination and

resource constraints hindered efforts to combat human trafficking and that efforts focused on transnational

rather than domestic human trafficking. (3,17,37)

V. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON CHILD LABOR

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, gaps exist that hinder efforts

to address child labor, including mainstreaming child labor issue into relevant policies.

Table 9. Key Policies Related to Child Labor

Policy Description

National Policy for the

Elimination of Child Labor

(2013) and 5-Year Action

Plan to Combat Child Labor

Aims to prevent at-risk children from entering exploitative child labor; withdraws children engaged in

exploitative labor through the provision of education; rehabilitate former child laborers through counseling,

life skills training, and medical care; raises community awareness about child labor; and establish monitoring

and evaluation mechanisms on child labor. The government committed more than $4.2 million to implement

the activities listed in the National Policy and the Action Plan. (41,42) In 2018, carried out awareness-raising

activities in five districts and provided refresher training on child labor to national and local officials. (22)

It Takes Every Rwandan to

End Child Exploitation†

5-year advocacy campaign against child labor and sexual abuse of children supported by MIGEPROF, the

National Commission for Children, and World Vision Rwanda. (3)

7 Years Government

Programme: National

Strategy for Transformation

(2017–2024)†

Aims to smooth the transition between Vision 2020 and Vision 2050 and improve standards of living for

Rwandans, including access to quality education. (43)

† Policy was approved during the reporting period.

‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (19,44-46)

In 2018, the government actively partnered with USAID and the IOM to conduct a research study on human

trafficking trends in Rwanda. The results will be used to update the expired National Action Plan on Combating

Human Trafficking. (22)

The government has not included child labor elimination and prevention strategies in Vision 2020, the National

Social Protection Strategy, and the National Technical and Vocational Education and Training Policy. (47-49)

VI. SOCIAL PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS CHILD LABOR

In 2018, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing

child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of efforts to address

the problem in all sectors.

(Cont.)

Rwanda

Significant advancement

2018 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Table 10. Key Social Programs to Address Child Labor

Program Description

Programs to Combat

Child Labor and Raise

Awareness†

Includes MIGEPROF’s campaign to teach parents and community leaders to recognize risk factors for human

trafficking and to identify victims; and the Friends of the Family Program (Incuti Z’Umuryango), which trains

volunteers to prevent and respond to child protection issues and establishes monitoring committees at various

levels to combat child labor. (3) In 2018, the government held several awareness-raising campaigns regarding

child labor. (3)

Victim Assistance

Programs†

Musanze Child Rehabilitation Center in Northern Province assists children separated from armed groups. (20)

Gitagata Center provides education, vocational training, and psychosocial support, and reunites former street

children in the Bugesera District with their families. “One-stop” centers located in 44 hospitals and district

capitals assist victims of gender-based violence and human trafficking. (3,17) Between January and October 2018,

the Musanze Center assisted 19 children separated from armed groups and one-stop centers provided medical

care, counseling, legal aid, short-term shelter, and access to police services. (3)

McGovern-Dole School

Feeding Program

$25 million WFP and U.S. Department of Agriculture pilot program that works with the Government of Rwanda

to provide school meals to 415,000 children. This program was active in 2018. (48,49)

Strengthening Social

Protection Project

(2017–2021)*

$80 million World Bank-funded project in support of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program which aims to deliver

cash transfers and improve social safety nets. (50) Formally launched in May 2018 and completed preparatory

activities. (51)

* Program was launched during the reporting period.

† Program is funded by the Government of Rwanda.

Although Rwanda has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to address the

extent of the child labor problem in the agriculture sector and domestic work. Research also indicates there

is an absence of long-term care facilities for victims of human trafficking, and some one-stop centers lacked

sufficient resources. (17,37)

VII. SUGGESTED GOVERNMENT ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE CHILD LABOR

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor

in Rwanda (Table 11).

Table 11. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor

Area Suggested Action

Year(s)

Suggested

Enforcement Disaggregate the number of complaints received by the Rwandan National Police’s hotline and the

National Public Prosecution Authority’s investigations that relate to child labor.

2013 – 2018

Publish information about the number of penalties imposed and collected for child labor violations,

and the number of criminal investigations conducted.

2015 – 2018

Increase the number of inspectors to meet the ILO’s technical advice. 2009 – 2018

Ensure that labor inspectors and criminal investigators receive sufficient training to identify cases of

child labor, including its worst forms.

2017 – 2018

Cease the practice of systematically detaining and beating children who work on the street and

ensure that children in detention are not subjected to beatings or poor detention conditions.

2018

Coordination Ensure that coordinating bodies receive adequate resources and are able to combat both domestic

and transnational human trafficking.

2018

Government

Policies

Integrate child labor elimination and prevention strategies into Vision 2020, the National Social

Protection Strategy, and the National Technical and Vocational Education and Training Policy.

2011 – 2018

Social Programs Ensure that school costs, such as uniforms, school supplies, and unofficial school fees, do not

diminish the impact of the 12-year free education policy.

2010 – 2018

Expand existing social programs to address all relevant sectors of child labor, including agriculture

and domestic work, and ensure adequate resources to implement all programs, including long-term

care facilities.

2017 – 2018

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Education_Statistics.pdf.

24 Government of Rwanda. Law regulating Labour in Rwanda, N° 66/2018.

Enacted: August 30, 2018.

https://www.mifotra.gov.rw/fileadmin/news_import/New_Labour_

Law_2018.pdf.

25 Ministry of Public Service and Labour. Ministerial Instructions No.

01/2017 Relating to Prevention and Fight Against Child Labour. Enacted

November 11, 2017. Source on file.

26 Government of Rwanda. Ministerial order determining the list of worst

forms of child labour, their nature, categories of institutions that are

not allowed to employ them and their prevention mechanisms, No. 06.

Enacted: July 13, 2010, Source on file.

27 Government of Rwanda. Instructions of the Council of the City of Kigali

City N°02 establishing mechanisms of prevention and fight against illegal

child labour in Kigali City. Enacted; April 29, 2012. Source on file.

28 Government of Rwanda. Law N°54/2011 relating to the rights and the

protection of the child. Enacted: June 25, 2012. Source on file.

29 Government of Rwanda. Organic Law N°01/2012 Instituting the Penal

Code. Enacted: May 2, 2012.

https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/rwa/1999/penal-code-of-

rwanda_html/P

enal_Code_of_Rwanda.pdf.

30 Government of Rwanda. Law N°59 on prevention and punishment of

gender-based violence. Enacted: September 10, 2008.

http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a3f88812.html.

31 Government of Rwanda. Law Nº 51/2018 of 13/08/2018 Relating to the

Prevention, Suppression and Punishment of Trafficking in Persons and

Exploitation of Others. Enacted: August 13, 2018.

https://rwandalii.africanlii.org/sites/default/files/gazette/

OG+no+39+of+24+9+18+1.pdf.

32 Government of Rwanda. Law N°71/2018 relating to the protection of

the child. Enacted: August 31, 2018.

https://rwandalii.africanlii.org/sites/default/files/gazette/

OG+no+37+bis+of+10-09-2018.pdf.

Government of Rwanda. Law N°68/2018 determining offences and

penalties in general. Enacted: August 30, 2018.

https://rwandalii.africanlii.org/sites/default/files/gazette/

OG+no+Special+of+27-09-2018.pdf.

34 Government of Rwanda. Presidential Order N°72/01 Establishing Army

General Statutes. Source on file.

Rwanda

Significant advancement

2018 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

35 Government of Rwanda. Presidential Order N°32/01 Establishing

Rwanda Defence Forces Special Statute. Enacted: September 3, 2012.

http://www.rlrc.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Laws/Laws/RWA LAWS

PUBLISHED IN 2012/R

WA 2012 PO N0 32-01-2012 RWANDA

DEFENSE FORCES SPECIAL STATUTE -- OG N0 36 OF 03 SEPT. 2012.

pdf.

36 Government of Rwanda. Law N°23/2012 Governing the Organization

and Functioning of Nursery, Primary and Secondary Education. Enacted

June 15, 2012.

http://mineduc.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf_files/Laws-New-

Uploads/Education_La

ws/N_23_2012_ryo_kuwa_15_06_2012.pdf.

37 U.S. Embassy- Kigali. Reporting. March 1, 2019.

38 CIA. The World Factbook. Accessed March 4, 2019. Please see “Labor

Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials

section of this report.

https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/

rank

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39 UN. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018. Accessed August 7,

2018. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in

the Reference Materials section of this report.

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/

sites/45/publication/WESP2018_Full_Web-1.pdf.

40 UN Committee against Torture. Concluding observations on the second

periodic report of Rwanda. December 21, 2017: CAT/C/RWA/CO/2.

https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.

aspx?symbolno=C

AT/C/RWA/CO/2&Lang=en.

41 Government of Rwanda. National Child Labor Policy. March 2013.

http://www.mifotra.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Laws/National_Child_

Labour_Policy.pdf.

42 Ministry of Public Service and Labor (MIFOTRA). National Policy on

elimination of worst forms of Child Labour officially launched. June 11,

2013. Source on file.

43 The Republic of Rwanda. 7 Years Government Programme: National

Strategy for Transformation (NST 1) 2017 – 2024. Kigali, 2017.

http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/NST1_7YGP_Final.

pdf.

Government of Rwanda. Strategic Plan for the Integrated Child Rights

Policy in Rwanda. August 2011.

http://www.unicef.org/rwanda/RWA_resources_icrpstratplan.pdf.

45 Government of Rwanda. National Policy against Gender-Based Violence.

Kigali: Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, July 2011.

http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/

GBV_Policy-2_1_.pdf.

46 Government of Rwanda. Economic Development and Poverty Reduction

Strategy 2013–2018. Kigali, September 13, 2013.

http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/planipolis/files/ressources/rwanda_

edprs_2013-2018.pdf.

Government of Rwanda. National Social Protection Strategy. January

2011.

http://www.ilo.org/gimi/gess/RessShowRessource.do?ressourceId=23208.

48 US Department of Agriculture. McGovern-Dole Funding Allocations - FY

2015. 2015.

https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/mcgovern-dole-food-education-

program/mcgovern-dole-funding-allocations-fy-2015

49 US Department of Agriculture. Active McGovern-Dole Projects

[website]. Accessed March 1, 2019.

https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/mcgovern-dole-food-education-

ogram/active-mcgovern-dole-projects.

50 World Bank. Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit

in the Amount of US$80 Million to the Republic of Rwanda for a

Strengthening Social Protection Project. November 27, 2017.

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/761071513825243134/pdf/

WANDA-PAD-11292017.pdf.

51 World Bank. Strengthening Social Protection Project Implementation

Status & Results Report. December 21, 2018.

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918381545403301581/pdf/

Disclosable-Version-of-the-ISR-Strengthening-Social-Protection-Project-

P162646-Sequence-No-03.pdf.