Microsoft Word - Nexus and PL 86-272

Doc. #496938 v.1

1. PUBLIC LAW 86-272.

Jurisdiction to tax is not present where a state is prohibited from imposing its tax because the

corporation's activities do not exceed the standard of mere solicitation of sales established by

Public Law 86-272. Public Law 86-272 provides in pertinent part:

No state, or political subdivision thereof, shall have power to impose, . . . a net income

tax on the income derived within such state by any person from intrastate commerce if

the only business activities within such state by or on behalf of such a person during the

taxable year are either, or both, of the following...

1. The solicitation of orders by such person, or his representative, in such State for sales

of tangible personal property, which orders are sent outside the State for approval or

rejection, and, if approved, are filled by shipment or delivery from a point outside of the

state; ...and

2. The solicitation of orders by such a person, or his representative, in such State in the

INCOME TAX NEXUS AND PUBLIC LAW 86-272

or When Will Your Activities in Another State Subject You to

Income Taxation in that State

Prepared for

Tax Executives Institute

Wednesday, April 19, 2006

Patrick Derdenger

Partner, Steptoe & Johnson LLP

Collier Center

201 E. Washington Street, 16

Floor

Phoenix, AZ 85004-2382

(602) 257-5209

email: [email protected]

Steptoe & Johnson LLP

Washington,D.C. Phoenix Los Angeles London Brussels New York

PATRICK DERDENGER

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name of or for the benefit of a prospective customer of such a person, if orders by such

customer to such person to enable such customer to fill orders resulting from such

solicitation are orders described in paragraph (1).

States are thus prevented under Public Law 86-272 from taxing out-of-state corporations on

income derived from business activities within the state if their activities are limited to "mere

solicitation of orders" for the sale of tangible personal property and the orders are approved and

filled from outside the state. If the standard of mere solicitation of orders is not exceeded in a

destination state, the throw-back rule will apply to such sales. On the other hand, if the standard

is exceeded, the sales would not be subject to the throw-back rule.

2. MULTISTATE TAX COMMISSION ON PUBLIC LAW 86-272

The member states of the Multistate Tax Commission have promulgated guidelines with respect

to the application of P.L. 86-272. Following are the salient points from Statement of Information

Concerning Practices of Multistate Tax Commission and Signatory States under Public Law 86-

272, third revision adopted July 27, 2001.

Arizona has promulgated its own ruling on Public Law 86-272. It is based on the Multistate Tax

Commission guidelines with several notable changes: consignment sales under certain

circumstances will not be an unprotected activity; shipping or delivering goods into Arizona by

means of a private vehicle will not be an unprotected activity; and Arizona follows the

Finnigan/Airborne Navigation Rule rather than the Joyce Rule. Arizona’s Public Law 86-272

guidelines are found in Arizona Corporate Tax Ruling, CTR 99-5. Arizona’s changes from the

Multistate Tax Commission guidelines are noted below.

NATURE OF PROPERTY BEING SOLD

Only the solicitation to sell personal property is afforded immunity under P.L. 86-272; therefore,

the leasing, renting, licensing or other disposition of tangible personal property, or transactions

involving intangibles, such as franchises, patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, and the

like, or any other type of property are not protected activities under P.L. 86-272.

The sale or delivery and the solicitation for the sale or delivery of any type of service is not

either (1) ancillary to solicitation or (2) otherwise set forth as a protected activity under the

Section IV.B. hereof is also not protected under P.L. 86-272 or this ruling.

SOLICITATION OF ORDERS AND ACTIVITY ANCILLARY TO SOLICITATION

For the in-state activity to be protected activity under P.L. 86-272, it must be limited solely to

solicitation (except for de minimis activities described in Article III and those activities

conducted by independent contractors described in Article V, below). Solicitation means (1)

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speech or conduct that explicitly or implicitly invites an order; and, (2) activities that neither

explicitly nor implicitly invite an order, but are entirely ancillary to requests for an order.

Ancillary activities are those activities that serve no independent business function for the seller

apart from their connection to the solicitation of orders. Activities that a seller would engage in

apart from soliciting orders shall not be considered as ancillary to the solicitation of orders. The

mere assignment of activities to sales personnel does not, merely by such assignment, make such

activities ancillary to solicitation of orders. Additionally, activities that seek to promote sales are

not ancillary because P.L. 86-272 does not protect activity that facilitates sales, it only protects

ancillary activities that facilitate the request for an order. The conducting of activities not falling

within the foregoing definition of solicitation will cause the company to lose its protection from

a net income tax afforded by P.L. 86-272, unless the disqualifying activities, taken together, are

either de minimis or are otherwise permitted by this ruling.

III

DE MINIMIS ACTIVITIES

De minimis activities are those that, when taken together, establish only a trivial connection with

the taxing state. An activity conducted within a taxing state on a regular or systematic basis or

pursuant to a company policy (whether such policy is in writing or not) shall normally not be

considered trivial. Whether or not an activity consists of a trivial or non-trivial connection with

the state is to be measured on both a qualitative and quantitative basis. If such activity either

qualitatively or quantitatively creates a nontrivial connection with the taxing state, then such

activity exceeds the protection of P.L. 86272. Establishing that the disqualifying activities only

account for a relatively small part of the business conducted within the taxing state is not

determinative of whether a de minimis level of activity exists. The relative economic importance

of the disqualifying in-state activities, as compared to the protected activities, does not determine

whether the conduct of the disqualifying activities within the taxing state is inconsistent with the

limited protection afforded by P.L. 86-272.

SPECIFIC LISTING OF UNPROTECTED AND PROTECTED ACTIVITIES

The following two listings (IV.A and IV.B) set forth the in-state activities that are presently

treated by the signatory state as "Unprotected Activities" or "Protected Activities."

The state has included on the list of "Protected Activities" those in-state activities that are either

required protection under P.L. 86-272, or, if not so required, that the state, in its discretion, has

permitted protection. The mere inclusion of an activity on the listing of "Protected Activities,"

therefore, is not a ruling or admission by the state that said activity is required any protection

under the Public Law.

A. UNPROTECTED ACTIVITIES

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The following in-state activities (assuming they are not of a de minimis level) are not considered

as either solicitation of orders or ancillary thereto or otherwise protected under P.L. 86-272 and

will cause otherwise protected sales to lose their protection under the Public Law.

1. Making repairs or providing maintenance or service to the property sold or to be

sold.

2. Collection of current or delinquent accounts, whether directly or by third parties,

through assignment or otherwise.

3. Investigating credit worthiness.

4. Installation or supervision of installation at or after shipment or delivery.

5. Conducting training courses, seminars or lectures for personnel other than

personnel involved only in solicitation.

6. Providing any kind of technical assistance or service including, but not limited to,

engineering assistance or design service, when one of the purposes thereof is

other than the facilitation of the solicitation of orders.

7. Investigating, handling, or otherwise assisting in resolving customer complaints,

other than mediating direct customer complaints when the sole purpose of such

mediation is to ingratiate the sales personnel with the customer.

8. Approving or accepting orders.

9. Repossessing property.

10. Securing deposits on sales.

11. Picking up or replacing damaged or returned property.

12. Hiring, training, or supervising personnel, other than personnel involved only in

solicitation.

13. Using agency stock checks or any other instrument or process by which sales are

made within this state by sales personnel.

14. Maintaining a sample or display room in excess of two weeks (14 days) at any

one location within the state during the tax year.

15. Carrying samples for sale, exchange or distribution in any manner for

consideration or other value.

16. Owning, leasing, using, or maintaining any of the following facilities or property

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in-state:

a. Repair shop.

b. Parts department.

c. Any kind of office other than an in-home office as described as permitted

under IV.A.18 and IV.B.2.

d. Warehouse.

e. Meeting place for directors, officers, or employees.

f. Stock of goods other than samples for sales personnel or that are used

entirely ancillary to solicitation.

g. Telephone answering service that is publicly attributed to the company or

to employees or agent(s) of the company in their representative status.

h. Mobile stores, i.e., vehicles with drivers who are sales personnel making

sales from the vehicles.

i. Real property or fixtures to real property of any kind.

17. Consigning stock of goods or other tangible personal property to any person,

including and independent contractor, for sale.

[Arizona Version] Consigning a stock of goods or other tangible personal

property to any person, unless: (1) The in-state presence of the consignment

inventory is a requirement of a contract with an in-state customer; and (2) The

consignment inventory is located on the in-state customer’s property.

18. Maintaining by any employee or other representative, an office or place of

business of any kind (other than an in-home office located within the residence of

the employee or representative that (i) is not publicly attributed to the company or

to the employee or representative of the company in an employee or

representative capacity, and (ii) so long as the use of such office is limited to

soliciting and receiving orders from customers, for transmitting such orders

outside the stated for acceptance or rejection by the company, or for such other

activities that are protected under P.L. 86-272 or under paragraph IV.B of this

ruling).

A telephone listing or other public listing within the state for the company or for

an employee or representative of the company in such capacity or other

indications through advertising or business literature that the company or its

employee or representative can be contacted at a specific address within the state

shall normally be determined as the company maintaining within this state an

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office or place of business attributable to the company or to its employee or

representative in a representative capacity. However, the normal distribution and

use of business cards and stationery identifying the employee's or representative's

name, address, telephone and fax numbers, and affiliation with the company shall

not, by itself, be considered as advertising or otherwise publicly attributing an

office to the company or its employee or representative.

The maintenance of any office or other place of business in this state that does not

strictly qualify as an "in-home" office as described above shall, by itself, cause the

loss of protection under this ruling. For the purpose of this subsection it is not

relevant whether the company pays directly, indirectly, or not at all for the cost of

maintaining such in-home office.

19. Entering into franchising or licensing agreements, selling or otherwise disposing

of franchises and licenses, or selling or otherwise transferring tangible personal

property pursuant to such franchise or license by the franchiser or licensor to its

franchisee or licensee within the state.

20. Shipping or delivering goods into this state by means of private vehicle, rail,

water, air or other carrier, is irrespective of whether a shipment or delivery fee or

other charge is imposed, directly or indirectly, upon the purchaser.

21. Conducting any activity not listed in paragraph IV.B. below which is not entirely

ancillary to requests for orders, even if such activity helps to increase purchases.

B. PROTECTED ACTIVITIES

The following in-state activities will not cause the loss of protection for otherwise protected

sales:

1. Soliciting orders for sales by any type of advertising.

2. Soliciting of orders by an in-state resident employee or representative of the

company, so long as such person does not maintain or use any office or other

place of business in the state other than an "in-home" office as described in

IV.A.18. above.

3. Carrying samples and promotional materials only for display or distribution

without charge or other consideration.

4. Furnishing or setting up display racks and advising customers on the display of

the company's products without charge or other consideration.

5. Providing automobiles to sales personnel for their use in conducting protected

activities.

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6. Passing orders, inquiries, and complaints on to the home office.

7. Missionary sales activities; i.e., the solicitation of indirect customers for the

company's goods. For example, a manufacturer's solicitation of retailers to buy the

manufacturer's goods from the manufacturer's wholesale customers would be

protected if such solicitation activities are otherwise immune.

8. Coordinating shipment or delivery without payment or other consideration and

providing information relating thereto either prior or subsequent to the placement

of an order.

9. Checking of customers' inventories without a charge therefor (for re-order, but not

from other purposes such as quality control).

10. Maintaining a sample or display room for two weeks (14 days) or less at any one

location within the state during the tax year.

11. Recruiting, training, or evaluating sales personnel, including occasionally using

homes, hotels, or similar places for meetings with sales personnel.

12. Mediating direct customer complaints when the purpose thereof is solely for

ingratiating the sales personnel with the customer and facilitating requests for

orders.

13. Owning, leasing, using, or maintaining personal property for use in the

employee's or representative's "in-home" office or automobile that is solely

limited to the conducting of protected activities. Therefore, the use of personal

property such as a cellular telephone, facsimile machine, duplicating equipment,

personal computer, and computer software that is limited to the carrying on of

protected solicitation and activity entirely ancillary to such solicitation or

permitted by this ruling under paragraph IV.B. shall not, by itself, remove the

protection under this ruling.

[Arizona Version] Shipping or delivering goods into this state by means of

common carrier, contract carrier, private vehicle, or by any other method or

carrier, irrespective of whether a shipment or delivery fee or other charge is

imposed, directly or indirectly, upon the purchaser.

14. [Arizona Version] Consigning inventory to an in-state customer if: (1) The in-

state presence of the consignment inventory is a requirement of a contract the in-

state customer; and (2) The consignment inventory is located on the in-state

customer’s property.

INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS

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P.L. 86-272 provides protection to certain in-state activities if conducted by an independent

contractor that would not be afforded if performed by the company or its employees or other

representatives. Independent contractors may engage in the following limited activities in the

state without the company's loss of immunity:

1. Soliciting sales.

2. Making sales.

3. Maintaining an office.

Sales representatives who represent a single principal are not considered to be independent

contractors and are subject to the same limitations as those provided under P.L. 86-272 and this

ruling.

Maintenance of a stock of goods in the state by the independent contractor under consignment or

any other type of arrangement with the company except for purposes of display and solicitation

is not a protected activity.

APPLICATION OF DESTINATION STATE LAW IN CASE OF CONFLICT

When it appears that two or more sales have included or will include the same receipts from a

sale in their respective sales factor numerators, this state may review what law, regulation, or

written guideline, if any, has been adopted in the state of destination with respect to the issue.

The state of destination shall be that location at which the purchaser or its designee actually

receives the property, regardless of f.o.b. point or other condition of sale.

In determining which state is to receive the assignment of the receipts at issue, preference shall

be given to any clearly applicable law, regulation, or written guideline that has been adopted in

the state of destination. However, except in the case of the definition of what constitutes

"tangible personal property," this state is not required by this ruling to follow any other state's

law, regulation, or written guideline should this state determine that to do so (i) would conflict

with its own laws, regulations, or written guidelines, and (ii) would not clearly reflect the

income-producing activity of the company within this state.

Notwithstanding any provision set forth in this ruling to the contrary, as between this state and

any other state, this state will apply the definition of "tangible personal property" that exists in

the state of destination to determine the application of P.L. 86-272 and issues of throwback, if

any. Should the state of destination not have any applicable definition of such term then this state

shall treat such property in a manner that will clearly reflect the income-producing activity of the

company within this state.

VII

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MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICES

A. APPLICATION OF STATEMENT RULING TO FOREIGN COMMERCE

P.L. 86-272 specifically applies, by its terms, to "interstate commerce" and does not directly

apply to foreign commerce. The state may, however, apply the same standards set forth in the

Public Law and in this ruling to business activities in foreign commerce to ensure that foreign

and interstate commerce are treated on the same basis. Such an application also avoids the

necessity of expensive and difficult efforts in the identification and application of the varied

jurisdictional laws and rules existing in foreign countries.

This state will apply the provisions of P.L. 86-272 and of this ruling to business activities

conducted in foreign commerce. Therefore, whether business activities are conducted by (i) a

foreign or domestic company selling tangible personal property into a country outside of the

United States from a point within this state, or by (ii) either company selling such property into

this state from a point outside of the United States, the principles under this ruling apply equally

to determine whether the sales transactions are protected and the company immune from taxation

in either this state or in the foreign country, as the case may be, and whether, if applicable, this

state will apply its throwback provisions.

B. APPLICATION TO CORPORATION INCORPORATED IN STATE OR TO A

PERSON RESIDENT DOMICILED IN STATE

The protection afforded by P.L. 86-272 and the provisions of this ruling do not apply to any

corporation incorporated within this state or to any person who is a resident of or domiciled in

this state.

C. REGISTRATION OR QUALIFICATION TO DO BUSINESS

A company that registers or otherwise formally qualifies to do business within this state does not,

by that fact alone, lose its protection under P.L. 86-272. Where, separate from or ancillary to

such registration or qualification, the company receives and seeks to use or protect any additional

benefit or protection from this state through activity not otherwise protected under P.L. 86-272 or

this ruling, such protection shall be removed.

D. LOSS OF PROTECTION FOR CONDUCTING UNPROTECTED ACTIVITY

DURING PART OF THE YEAR

The protection afforded under P.L. 86-272 and the provisions of this ruling shall be determined

on a tax year by tax year basis. Therefore, if at any time during a tax year the company conducts

activities that are not protected under P.L. 86-272 or this ruling, no sales in this state or income

earned by the company attributed to this state during any part of said tax year shall be protected

from taxation under said Public Law or this ruling.

E. APPLICATION OF THE JOYCE RULE

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In determining whether the activities of any company have been conducted within this state

beyond the protection of P.L. 86-272 or paragraph IV.B. of this Statement, the principle

established in Appeal of Joyce, Inc., Cal. St. Bd. Of Equal. (11/23/66), commonly known as the

“Joyce Rule”, shall apply. Therefore, only those in-state activities that are conducted by or on

behalf of said company shall be considered for this purpose. Activities that are conducted by any

other person or business entity, whether or not said person or business entity is affiliated with

said company, shall not be considered attributable to said company, unless such person or

business entity was acting in a representative capacity on behalf of said company.

F. [ARIZONA VERSION] APPLICATION OF THE FINNIGAN/AIRBORNE

NAVIGATION RULE

Pursuant to the principle reported in Airborne Navigation Corporation v. Arizona Department of

Revenue, Feb. 5, 1987, CCH Ariz. Tax Reports, Paragraph 200-744, when a group of companies

is conducting a unitary business and a part of that unitary business is conducted within this state,

the activities of all members of the unitary group will be included in both the numerator and

denominator of the sales factor.

3. THE WRIGLEY CASE

The U.S. Supreme Court addressed for the first time the solicitation limitations of P.L. 86-272 in

Wisconsin Department of Revenue v William Wrigley, Jr., 505 U.S. 214, 112 S.Ct. 2447

(1992). The Supreme Court's decision addressed two points. (1) what is the scope of protected

solicitation; and (2) a de minimis exception.

3.1 WHAT IS PROTECTED SOLICITATION?

The extent of the protection afforded by P.L. 86-272 depends largely on the interpretation of the

phrase "solicitation of orders," which the statute does not define.

The Supreme Court began its analysis by referring to the dictionary definition of "solicitation." It

found that the term includes not only explicit verbal requests for orders, but also "any speech or

conduct that implicitly invites an order." The Court saw the key question to be "whether, and to

what extent, 'solicitation of orders' covers activities that neither explicitly nor implicitly propose

a sale".

The Court rejected Wisconsin's argument that "solicitation of orders" should be construed

narrowly, covering only the ultimate act of inviting an order. This limited definition would

render P.L. 86-272 meaningless. Moreover, the Court noted, "this extremely narrow

interpretation of 'solicitation' would cause P.L. 86-272 to leave virtually unchanged the law that

existed before its enactment." Under the definition of solicitation proffered by Wisconsin, the

decisions in Brown Forman and International Shoe would, today, remain unchanged--not the

result that Congress intended when it enacted P.L. 86-272.

The Court also rejected Wrigley's interpretation of solicitation: any activities that were "ordinary

and necessary business activities' accompanying the solicitation process" or were "routinely

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associated with deploying a sales force to conduct the solicitation... " Wrigley's routinely-

associated-with standard was overly broad because it looked beyond a particular activity

(solicitation) to all activities routinely carried on by those who engage in that particular activity

(salesmen). The Court also concluded that Wrigley's approach was unworkable because it

permitted solicitation to be whatever a particular industry wanted. This would render P.L. 86-272

"toothless."

The Court concluded that only "those activities that are entirely ancillary [emphasis in original]

to requests for purchases--those that serve no independent business function apart from their

connection to the soliciting of orders" (as opposed to "those activities that the company would

have reason to engage in anyway but chooses to allocate to its in-state sales force") fall within

the immunity afforded by P.L. 86-272. The Court stated that, for example, providing a car and a

stock of free samples to salesmen is part of the solicitation process; employing salesmen to repair

or service the company's products is not.

3.2 DE MINIMIS RULE

The Court declined to conclude that, as Wisconsin suggested, all post-sale activities were

necessarily beyond the scope of solicitation of orders. Although activities that take place after a

sale ordinarily are not "entirely ancillary" to requests for purchases, the Court was not prepared

to say this was always true. Moreover, the Court found the presale/post-sale distinction to be

unworkable. Manufacturers and distributors ordinarily have ongoing relationships with their

customers that involve continuous sales, making it difficult to determine whether a particular

activity was related to the sale that preceded or followed it.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court had applied a de minimis standard, holding that a company does

not necessarily forfeit immunity under P.L. 86-272 merely because it performed some in-state

activities that exceeded solicitation. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed. Under the standard

articulated by the Court, however, activities not ancillary to requesting purchases will subject a

foreign seller to tax only if the activity creates "a nontrivial additional connection with the taxing

State."

3.3 SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES ADDRESSED

In applying its newly established guidelines to Wrigley, the Court focused its attention on six

specific activities engaged in by Wrigley's Wisconsin representatives:

Not protected:

1. Replacing stale gum.

2. Supplying gum through agency stock checks.

3. Storing gum, display racks, and promotional materials.

4. Renting storage space.

Protected:

5. Recruiting, training, and evaluating employees.

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6. Intervening in credit disputes.

7. In state sales meetings.

The Court found that replacing stale gum, supplying gum through agency stock checks, storing

gum, and renting storage space were not ancillary to requests for purchases. In the Court's view,

these activities served an independent business purpose separate and apart from requesting

orders. On the other hand, the Court concluded that in-state recruitment, training, and evaluation

of employees, intervention in credit disputes, and the use of in-state locations for sales meetings

served no purpose other than to facilitate solicitation.

Since the Court concluded that Wrigley had engaged in activities that were not ancillary to

requesting orders, the Court considered whether its de minimis exception applied. The Court

concluded that the activities in question were not de minimis. The Court noted that Wrigley's

sales representatives engaged in non-immune activities on a continuing basis as a matter of

company policy.

4. PUBLIC LAW 86-272 - CASES

4.1 DE MINIMIS ACTIVITIES

Kelly-Springfield Tire Co. v. Bajorski, 635A. 2d 771 (Conn. 1993). Multistate corporations that

sold motor vehicle and truck tires to dealers throughout the United States was immune from the

Connecticut corporation business tax under Public Law 86-272, because its Connecticut

activities were de minimis. The taxpayer had registered to transact business in Connecticut, but

did not maintain any inventory nor owned any real property in the state. The taxpayer's

Connecticut business operations were carried out through the services of one or more local sales

representatives whose sole authority was the solicitation of orders from tire dealers. The

taxpayer's only other operational presence consisted of annual visits by its credit manager to the

taxpayers' accounts in the state. The Commissioner of Revenue failed to establish that the

taxpayer's activities in the state were more than de minimis so that they were not within the terms

of P.L. 86-272 and, therefore, the state was precluded from imposing a corporation business tax

on the intrastate activities of the taxpayer.

The Upjohn Company, et al, v. State of Arizona Department of Revenue, Tax Court, TX-1997-

0000438 (October 18, 2001). Court held that: Public Law 86-272 does not protect Upjohn from

Arizona corporate income taxation because its activities exceeded protected "solicitation of

sales" and was not “de minimis.” The Court observed that Public Law 86-272 in short precludes

a state from imposing its income tax on an out of state business whose only activities in the state

are "solicitation of sales." The Department argued that three types of Upjohn's conduct went

beyond the mere solicitation of sales, thereby subjecting Upjohn to state income tax. The

Department argued that Upjohn tested drugs in Arizona before they were marketed. However,

the court found that Upjohn did not conduct testing in Arizona. Upjohn's sales representatives, in

addition to soliciting sates, provided customers with product information and treatment

suggestions, checked the customers' stock and informed them when stock had expired, provided

customers with forms to exchange the expired stock and forwarded customers' complaints to the

home office. In emergency situations, sales representatives transferred products between

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hospitals. The court concluded that the sales representatives' activities facilitated the "requesting

of sales" and served no independent business function apart from the solicitation of orders. Thus,

this activity did not go beyond the protected activity of "solicitation of sales." The education

MSLs consulted with people in the medical education field and suggested ways to train and

assist physicians in diagnosis, treatment and care. The science MSLs exchanged information

about medical developments, discussing basic medical research that needed to be done in

potential studies with medical leaders in that area to develop new products. The court concluded

that these activities have an independent business purpose other than the solicitation of sales in

that the activities of the MSLs facilitate research and product development. The court thus

concluded that the activities were not ancillary to the solicitation of sales, nor were they

performed by sales representatives. The court further concluded that the activities of the MSLs

were significant and, therefore, do not qualify as de minimis contacts with the state (which will

not result in taxation), thereby subjecting Upjohn to Arizona income tax.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF “SOLICITATION OF

ORDERS”

Amgen Inc. v. Mass. Com'r. of Rev., 427 Mass. 357, 693 N.E. 2d 175, 1998 Mass. LEXIS 179

(April 23, 1998). Drug company's sales force exceeded "solicitation of orders" by reviewing

patient charts and answering questions about use and dosage of company's products for specific

patients.

Kennametal Inc. v. Mass. Com'r. of Rev., 118 S. Ct. 1386, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 2319, 140 L. Ed.

2d 646; petition for writ of certiorari denied, 426 Mass. 39, 686 N.E. 2d 163 (April 6, 1998).

Sales force exceeded "solicitation of orders" by providing technical information to customers

and assisting customers in determining what product to order.

National Private Truck Council v. Corn 'r. of Rev., 426 Mass. 324, 688 N.E. 2d 936 (1997).

Massachusetts regulation which limited immunity only to delivery by common carrier, and not

taxpayer's own trucks, was invalid.

National Private Truck Council v. Virginia, 253 Va. 74, 1997 Va. LEXIS 12, 480 S.E. 2d 500

(January 10, 1997). The same result was reached by The Virginia Supreme Court in this case as

in the Massachusetts.

Alcoa Bldg. Prods. Inc. v. Comm’r, 440 Mass. 224 (2003). Certain Warranty Services are Not

Ancillary to Solicitation and are Not de minimis. Alcoa, an Ohio corporation, manufactured and

sold building products. Although it never maintained a place of business in Massachusetts, it

employed 4-5 district sales managers (hereinafter DSMs) who, in addition to soliciting sales,

participated in the warranty process. After completing sales, they consistently visited

construction sites to investigate warranty claims, assisted customers in completing paperwork for

defective products, and remitted defective product samples. The court held that Alcoa had

reason to provide these warranty services if it had no sales force in Massachusetts and, therefore,

the DSM’s warranty activities served some independent business purposes. Specifically, the

warranty services served to increase Alcoa’s general sales, enhance its reputation among buyers,

and possibly decrease the amount of direct calls to its warranty claims office. Further, the court

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noted that post-sale activities that are apart from the solicitation of orders will “ordinarily not be

entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders.” Id. at 228. The court also held that the warranty

activities constituted a “nontrivial additional connection to the Commonwealth” due to the

DSM’s activities, taken as a whole, and because these claims comprised more than one-third of

the corporation’s nationwide claims. Id. at 231. Alcoa was therefore ordered to pay, in addition

to the minimum excise tax, the additional corporate excise taxes for the 1994-1996 tax years.

In re Westward Seafoods, Inc., No. 35-OTA-2000, 2004 Alas. Tax LEXIS 1 (Dep’t of

Revenue Jan. 6, 2004). Approving and Accepting Orders, Resolving Customer Complaints, and

Hiring and Training Personnel are Unprotected Activities When They are Not de minimis.

Westward Seafoods (hereinafter WSI), an Alaskan corporation, produced and exported food

products. It exported one of its food products, surmi, to its corporate owner and primary

customer in Japan, Maruha. The Alaska Department of Revenue (hereinafter DOR) needed to

determine whether Japan had jurisdiction to tax WSI in order to determine whether to preclude

the DOR from taxing the corporation. In order for the court to make this determination, it had to

determine whether WSI’s activities on behalf of Maruha in Japan exceeded those protected by

P.L. 86-272 and whether to attribute those activities to WSI.

The court determined that WSI

exceeded the solicitation of orders based on the following three factors. First, Mr. Kuramoto, a

WSI salesman, made seven trips to Japan during 1994-1995 where he negotiated sales terms and

accepted orders. Second, two WSI plant managers traveled to Japan in 1995 to investigate and

resolve customer complaints. The Plant Managers did not engage in the solicitation of orders but

rather addressed serious customer concerns. Third, WSI employed 12-13 surmi technicians to

supervise its production of surmi who, according to a contract, Maruha recruited and trained in

Japan. Therefore, according to the Multistate Tax Commission, WSI engaged in unprotected

activities by approving and accepting orders, resolving customer complaints, and hiring and

training personnel. Further, even though WSI sent the Plant Managers to Japan on only one

occasion, the court determined that it was not de minimis because of WSI’s strategy to market its

seafood products to Japanese customers.

Consequentially, the court held that the DOR could not apply the throwback rule for the purpose

of apportioning WSI sales in Japan to Alaska.

Colgate-Palmolive Co. v. Comm’r, No. C255116, 2003 Mass. Tax LEXIS 27 (Appellate Tax

Bd. Apr. 3, 2003). Certain Product Demonstrations, “In-Service” Demonstrations, and

Troubleshooting Activities are Not Protected Activities. Colgate, a Delaware corporation, owned

Kendall, a Delaware corporation with its principle place of business in Massachusetts, during the

tax year in question (1988). Kendall employed account managers and product specialists in 33

states that frequently (1) conducted product demonstrations in hospitals; (2) accompanied

doctors and nurses into operating rooms, providing “in-service” advice regarding the proper use

of Kendall products; and (3) conducted troubleshooting activities, such as investigating claims of

product malfunctions, assisting customers in filling out forms, remitting samples to Kendall’s

quality assurance department, and withdrawing defective products from the shelves. The court

found that Kendall’s activities were very similar to three cases where courts determined that

these activities exceed the solicitation of orders and, therefore, came to the same conclusion.

First, the product demonstrations were very similar to the activities in Kennametal, where the

See discussion infra Part IV.A.2 where the court attributed WSI’s activities on behalf of Maruha to WSI.

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sales force provided technical information to customers and assisted customers in selecting

products to order. Kennametal, Inc. v. Commissioner, 20 Mass. App. Tax Bd. Rep. 6, 8 (1996).

Second, the “in-service” demonstrations were very similar to the activities in Amgen, where the

sales force reviewed patient charts and answered questions about the proper use of

pharmaceutical products. Amgen Inc. v. Commissioner, 427 Mass. 357 (1998). Third, the

troubleshooting activities were very similar to the activities in Alcoa, where the sales force

investigated warranty complaints and assisted customers in resolving their complaints. Alcoa

Building Products, Inc. v. Commissioner, 2002 ATB Adv. Sh. 402, aff’d, 440 Mass. 224 (2003).

Therefore, Kendall’s activities in the each of the jurisdictions were sufficient to subject it to

taxation in those states because its activities went beyond the solicitation of orders.

Consequentially, the court held that the Commissioner could not apply the throwback rule,

treating Kendall’s sales in the 33 states as Massachusetts sales.

Ill. Dep’t of Revenue Priv. Ltr. Rul. IT-05-0003-GIL (Jan. 24, 2005), 2005 Ill. PLR LEXIS 3.

Making Repairs and Providing Maintenance or Service to the Property Sold or to be Sold are

Unprotected Activities. The Illinois Department of Revenue (hereinafter DOR) issued a non-

binding General Information Letter in response to a Wisconsin corporation’s inquiry as to

whether it was subject to Illinois income tax due to its furniture retail activities by independent

contractors in Illinois. The corporation retailed furniture to customers in southeastern Wisconsin

and northern Illinois and employed independent contractors to deliver the furniture to Illinois

customers and repair the furniture upon customer’s requests. The DOR determined that the

corporation engaged in unprotected activities according to the Illinois Income Tax Regulations

(hereinafter IIT) and therefore was not protected by P.L. 86-272. The IIT Regulations provide a

list of unprotected activities, including “making repairs or providing maintenance or service to

the property sold or to be sold.” ILL. ADMIN. CODE tit. 86, § 100.9720(c)(4) (2005). Further, the

Illinois regulation protected independent contractors from soliciting sales, making sales, and

maintaining an office, which did not include making repairs or providing installation services

upon delivery.

Mo. Dep’t of Revenue Priv. Ltr. Rul. LR2257 (Dec. 17, 2004), 2004 Mo. Tax Ltr. Rul. LEXIS

82. Selling Tangible Personal Products Via the Internet is a Protected Activity. The Missouri

Department of Revenue issued a binding Letter Ruling in response to an out-of-state

corporation’s inquiry as to whether it would be subject to Missouri income tax if it sold

nutritional products via the internet. The corporation, which had no physical presence in

Missouri, was considering a proposed agreement to post its website link on various Missouri

retailer’s websites in exchange for commission payments on each purchase routed through their

websites. The court held that the corporation’s activities did not exceed the protections of P.L.

86-272 and, therefore, it was not required to remit sales and use tax, pay income tax, or file a

franchise tax return with the state of Missouri according to state law, the Commerce Clause and

P.L. 86-272.

4.3 CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF “INCOME TAX”

Bantam Doubleday Dell Publ’g v. Dep’t of the Treasury, No. 243672, 2004 Mich. App.

LEXIS 588 (Ct. App. Feb. 24, 2004). P.L. 86-272 Does Not Apply to Michigan’s Single

Business Tax Because it is Not a Tax Upon Income but Rather Upon the Privilege of Doing

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Business in the State . Bantam, a Delaware corporation with its principle place of business in

New York, published and sold books. It employed two sales representatives to solicit orders and

administer its cooperative advertising reimbursement program in Michigan and had no place of

business in the state. Bantam’s activities in Michigan did not exceed the solicitation of orders

according to P.L. 86-272. The court held that the restrictions in P.L. 86-272 did not apply to

Michigan’s Single Business Tax Act and therefore required that Bantam pay the tax. Although it

did not discuss the reasons for its holding, the court affirmed Gillette Co. v. Mich. State Dep’t of

Treasury, 198 Mich. App. 303 (Ct. App. 1993), which held that the single business tax was a

“consumption-type value added tax” that was imposed upon the “privilege of doing business and

not upon income.” Id. at 308-309. P.L. 86-272 thus did not apply to Michigan’s Single Business

Tax because P.L. 86-272 imposed requirements concerning the imposition of net income tax

while the single business tax was not a tax imposed upon net income. Further, although Bantam

merely solicited orders in Pennsylvania, this was sufficient to meet the single business tax

requirement that a foreign corporation engage in “business activity” in the state.

INOVA Diagnostics, Inc. v. Strayhorn, No. 03-04-00503-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 4002

(App. May 26, 2005). P.L. 86-272 Does Not Apply to the Capital Component of the Texas

Franchise Tax Because it is a Tax Upon the Privilege of Doing Business in the State. INOVA, a

California corporation, developed and manufactured products for medical testing. It employed

one salesman in Texas whose activities included visiting existing and prospective customers,

providing promotional materials, and demonstrating INOVA products. Both parties agreed that,

for the purposes of providing protection under P.L. 86-272, INOVA only engaged in the

solicitation of orders in Texas. The Texas state franchise tax imposed tax on net capital and

earned surplus. Since earned surplus tax was measured by net income, the Comptroller only

imposed the franchise tax on net capital. The court interpreted P.L. 86-272 (hereinafter the Act)

narrowly, holding that the Act did not apply to the capital component of the Texas franchise tax

and requiring INOVA to pay the tax. The court looked at the legislative history and past case

interpretation of the Act and determined that Congress did not intend to exempt taxes that used

net income as only one factor in calculating another tax. In a footnote, the court cited language

of the Senate report stating, “We are not here considering licensing or fees which might truly set

up barriers to interstate commerce.” Id.

at *17. According to the court, the purpose of the

franchise tax was to “impose a tax upon corporations for the privilege of doing business in the

state” and, in order to asses this tax, the capital component used net income as one, distant factor.

Specifically, taxable capital was the stock value plus surplus, surplus was the net assets minus

capital and was also equal to retained earnings, and retained earnings equaled current net income

plus income over time. Id. at *13.

Drummond Am. Corp. v. Commonwealth, 2004 Pa. Tax LEXIS 2656; 944 Fed. Reg. 2004

(Commw. Ct. 2004). P.L. 86-272 Does Not Apply to the Pennsylvania Franchise Tax

Assessment of Capital Stock Because it is a Tax Upon the Privilege of Doing Business in the

State. Drummond, an Illinois corporation, wholesaled chemical products. The corporation

employed independent contractors to solicit sales in Pennsylvania but did not have a place of

business or lease or own any real property in the state. Drummond’s activities in Pennsylvania

likely did not exceed the solicitation of orders according to P.L. 86-272. The court held that P.L.

86-272 did not apply to the 2000 Pennsylvania Franchise Tax and therefore required Drummond

to pay the tax. Although the state based the tax on its assessment of a corporation’s capital stock,

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the court declared that it was not a tax on income but rather a tax on the privilege to conduct

business within the state. Id. at *21-*22 (citing Clairol, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 513 Pa. 74

(1986)). Therefore although Drummond may have merely solicited orders in Pennsylvania, this

was sufficient to meet the franchise tax requirement that a foreign corporation have an “active

presence” in the state. Id. at *22. The court also held that it was irrelevant that Drummond used

independent contractors instead of traditional employees because P.L. 86-272 did not apply in

this case and because the Pennsylvania Franchise Tax made no distinction between categories of

employees.

Home Impressions, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 21 N.J. Tax 448 (Tax Ct. 2004). The

Restrictions of P.L. 86-272 do Not Apply to the New Jersey Minimum Flat Tax Because it is Not

Based on Net Income. Home Impressions, a North Carolina corporation, manufactured and sold

mailboxes and mailbox posts. It employed independent contractors to solicit orders in New

Jersey and never maintained a place of business in the state. Home Impression’s activities in

New Jersey did not exceed the solicitation of orders according to P.L. 86-272. The court held

that P.L. 86-272 did not apply to New Jersey’s Minimum Flat Tax, a franchise tax, and therefore

required that Home Impressions pay the tax. Although the corporation merely solicited orders in

New Jersey, the court determined that this was sufficient to meet the flat tax requirement that a

foreign corporation conduct business in the state. Further, although the Division of Taxation

Director required that the corporations submit accounting records, he did not use the records to

assess taxes based on net income but to identify the activities of corporations doing business in

the state. The court also determined that the company’s use of independent contractors instead

of traditional employees did not present a constitutionally significant distinction under the

Commerce Clause or the Due Process Clause. Specifically, the independent contractor’s

activities provided a sufficient nexus to the state under the Commerce Clause and sufficient

minimum contacts under the Due Process Clause.

4.4 CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF “TANGIBLE

PERSONAL PROPERTY”

Ill. Dep’t of Revenue Priv. Ltr. Rul. IT-03-0026-GIL (Aug. 13, 2003), 2003 Ill. PLR LEXIS

185. Transportation Services are Not Afforded Immunity Under P.L. 86-272 Because They are

Transactions Involving Intangible Property. The Illinois Department of Revenue (hereinafter

DOR) issued a non-binding General Information Letter in response to a Michigan corporation’s

inquiry as to whether it was subject to Illinois income tax due to its transportation services

through and within Illinois. The court held that P.L. 86-272 did not protect the corporation,

thereby subjecting it to Illinois income tax, because the corporation sold intangibles by providing

transportation services. Specifically, the court held that the DOR could allocate a portion of the

corporation’s income because the corporation generated revenue miles in Illinois.

4.5 CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF “ON BEHALF OF”

1. UNITARY BUSINESSES

In re Disney Enters. No. 818378, 2004 N.Y. Tax LEXIS 21, (Div. of Tax Appeals Feb. 12,

2004). A State May Tax a Corporation’s Activities if the Activities Arise Out of a Unitary

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Business That Has a Sufficient Nexus to the State. Disney Enterprises (formerly the Walt Disney

Corporation) was the parent corporation of a unitary group and was indisputably required to pay

New York’s corporation franchise tax. In 1993, the Walt Disney Corporation requested, and the

New York Division of Taxation agreed, that it would file New York combined reports with all of

its active subsidiaries. Even without Disney’s desire to file a combined report, the court

determined that, due to the interdependent nature of Disney and its three subsidiaries in this case,

New York law required that they file such a report so that it did not distort its New York income.

The court then determined, based on New York law, P.L. 86-272, and the Commerce Clause,

that Disney must include the sales receipts from unitary group members in their New York

receipts for the purpose of assessing New York franchise taxes. First, the court held that New

York law required Disney to include its subsidiary’s destination sales in its receipts simply

because they were part of its unitary group. It stated, “The very status of being part of the

combined group provides the justification for the imposition of New York corporation franchise

tax on the fruits of their economic activity in New York, as measured by New York’s reasonable

apportionment formula as prescribed by statute and regulation.” Id. at *62. Second, the court

concluded that P.L. 86-272 permitted this outcome because Disney performed unprotected

activities in New York “on behalf of” their unitary members. Id. at *66. The three subsidiaries

and unitary members, Buena Vista Home Video, Childcraft, Inc. and The Walt Disney Catalog,

Inc., shipped tangible personal property to New York and, therefore, their activities did not

exceed the solicitation of orders. However, the court discovered that Disney and its subsidiaries

shared management responsibilities and that the subsidiaries clearly benefited from the

unprotected activities within New York, such as product promotions in many New York Disney

Stores. Third, the court held that the Commerce Clause did not forbid this outcome because New

York’s apportionment formula included the subsidiaries’ income in its preapportioned tax base

and, therefore, it was not “extraterritorial taxation.” Id. at *67-*68 (quoting Shell Oil Co. v. Iowa

Dept. of Revenue, 488 U.S. 19, 30-31 (1988)).

In re Alpharma, Inc., No. 817895, 2004 N.Y. Tax LEXIS 158 (Tax Appeals Tribunal Aug. 5,

2004). Unitary Apportionment is Constitutional, Rendering P.L. 86-272 Inapplicable to New

York’s Apportionment Scheme Alpharma, the parent company of the various unitary members in

this case, manufactured pharmaceuticals for the animal health industry and sold fine chemicals.

It did not lease or own any business property or equipment in New York during the years in

question (1993-1995) but employed a sales representative (Mr. Wagner), the head of corporate

information technology, to conduct business activities in New York. In 1992, Alpharma

requested permission to file a combined return for New York franchise tax purposes, describing

itself as a parent company comprised of divisions. New York Division of Taxation granted the

petition based on Mr. Wagner’s activities in New York. Even without Alpharma’s desire to file

a combined report, the court determined that, due to the “overwhelming synergy” between the

companies in this case, New York law required a combined tax return in order to avoid a

distorted computation of income to the state. Id.

at *10-*11. The court then determined, based

on New York law and the Commerce Clause, that Alpharma must include sales receipts from

unitary group members for the purpose of assessing New York franchise taxes. The court then

held that P.L. 86-272 did not apply to New York’s unitary apportionment scheme because

unitary apportionment was constitutional. Id. at *53-*54 (citing Shell Oil, 488 US 19). The court

also stated that New York’s use of unitary apportionment for the purpose of assessing a franchise

tax did not violate P.L. 86-272 because the franchise tax was not based on net income. It

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described the relationship between the unitary group’s income tax and New York’s franchise tax

in the following way. The apportionment formula combines the net income of the unitary group,

which properly reflects the taxpayer member’s tax liability by referencing the in-state activities

of the unitary group. Further, the unitary group’s inclusion of sales in the numerator of the

receipts factor does not impose taxes upon nontaxpayer members of the group but rather

determines the appropriate business allocation percentage. The formula itself, therefore, does not

give New York jurisdiction to tax.

2. OTHER TYPES OF AGENCY

In re Westward Seafoods, Inc., No. 35-OTA-2000, 2004 Alas. Tax LEXIS 1 (Dep’t of Revenue

Jan. 6, 2004). A Corporation’s Unprotected Activities on Behalf of a Customer who is

Essentially a Middleman-Distributor are Activities on Behalf of Itself. WSI, incorporated in

Alaska with its headquarters and sales offices in Seattle, exported surmi to Maruha, its owner

and primary customer in Japan. An Alaska regulation provides that Alaska will treat a foreign

country like any other state when it determines its jurisdiction to tax, including its application of

P.L. 86-272 to a foreign country. Although, pursuant to a treaty, Japan did not tax WSI, the

Alaska Department of Revenue (hereinafter DOR) needed to determine whether Japan

theoretically had jurisdiction to tax WSI in order to determine whether Alaska was precluded

from taxing the corporation. This issue turned on whether WSI’s activities on behalf of Maruha

in Japan exceeded those protected by P.L. 86-272 and whether the court could attribute the

activities to WSI.

After the court determined that WSI’s activities in Japan exceeded the

solicitation of orders, it attributed these activities to WSI based on the following factors.

Contrary to the opinion of the DOR, Mr. Kuramoto did not work for Maruha but rather for WSI.

He lived and worked in Seattle for ten years and WSI paid his salary and travel expenses.

Additionally, his activities served the independent business purpose of planning for WSI’s

production because the prices he negotiated with Maruha customers established the price that

Maruha would pay WSI. Additionally, two plant managers addressed serious concerns of

Maruha customers in Japan in order to promote WSI’s strategy of marketing its seafood products

to Japanese customers. Lastly, it was important to WSI’s production and marketing strategy that

Maruha recruit and train the Japanese surmi technicians. Therefore, following the Multistate Tax

Commission’s list of unprotected activities and P.L. 82-272, the court considered WSI’s

unprotected activities on behalf of Maruha as activities on behalf of itself because Maruha was

essentially a middleman-distributor.

4.6 MEASUREMENT YEAR TO DETERMINE P.L. 86-272

APPLICABILITY

LSDHC Corp. v. Ziano, 98 Ohio St. 3d 450 (2003). P.L. 86-272 Does Not Prohibit a State

From Imposing a Tax, Measured by Net Income, Based on a Corporation’s Unprotected

Activities During Its Prior Fiscal Year. LSDHC, a Delaware corporation, maintained a customer

service center in Ohio during part of its fiscal year prior to the 1993 calendar year. LSSC, also a

Delaware corporation, maintained certain assets in Ohio during part of its fiscal year prior to the

See discussion supra Part I.B where the court determined that WSI’s activities exceeded the solicitation of

orders.

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1994 calendar year. The court held that the Ohio Tax Commissioner was correct to assess

corporate franchise tax, measured by net income, for the calendar year based on the corporation’s

fiscal year before the calendar year. It reasoned that, for franchise tax purposes, the time period

to determine P.L. 86-272’s applicability must be the same as the time period for measuring net

income. Therefore, the court required LSDHC and LSSC to pay Ohio’s franchise tax because

their activities exceeded the solicitation of orders during the fiscal years before the calendar

years in question. Specifically, the court required that LSDHC pay the franchise tax for 1993,

based on its former fiscal year’s adjusted net income (July 1 1991 - June 30 1992), and LSSC to

pay the franchise tax for 1994, based on its former fiscal year’s adjusted net income (July 1 1992

- June 30 1993).

4.7 MERITLESS ATTEMPTS TO INVALIDATE TAX BASED ON P.L.

86-272

Sea & L, LLC, No. 213225, 2004 Cal. Tax LEXIS 52 (State Bd. of Equalization Feb. 18,

2004). California Taxpayers Will be Subject to Late Penalties and Interest Charges if They Base

Their Decision Not to Pay State Taxes on an Unreasonable Belief That P.L. 86-272 Provides an

Exemption. Sea & L, a Delaware corporation and an LLC, employed two members that solicited

contracts in California and then performed the contracts outside of California (the record does

not reveal the nature of the contracts or the work). The corporation believed that its activities

were protected under P.L. 86-272 and so did not pay the annual California LLC tax for

corporations doing business in the state. The court held that the corporation had to pay a

California LLC tax with interest and late fees for 1998 and 1999 because it unreasonably

believed that its activities were protected under P.L. 86-272. Regarding late payments, the court

stated that, in order to find reasonable cause why a taxpayer should not have to pay a late

payment penalty, “the law must be unclear or ambiguous such that there is reasonable doubt as to

how the legal issue will ultimately be resolved.” Id. at *8. Further, in California, the “standard

of ordinary business care” obligated the taxpayer to spend the necessary time to acquaint himself

with California law requirements. Id.

Regarding interest charges, the court stated that it would

only relinquish a taxpayer from paying interest where there was an unreasonable error or delay

by an employee of the Franchise Tax Board in performing “a ministerial or managerial act.” Id.

at *12. The court held that, although Sea & L maintained a good faith belief that it was not

subject to the tax, the belief was not sufficiently reasonable for two reasons. First, it was clear

that the annual LLC tax was not based on net income because, regardless of the net income of

the corporation, the state assessed corporations $800. Second, Sea & L’s business description

did not reasonably fall into the description of protected business activities in P.L. 86-272.

Specifically, the corporation did not solicit orders for tangible property from a point outside the

state, it did not send the orders outside the state for approval, and it did not fill the orders by

shipping tangible property into California.

Judgment of July 17, 2003, 2003 Tex. Tax LEXIS 115, (Comptroller of Public Accounts)

(hearing No. 36, 728; hearing No. 40, 439). The Throwback Rule is Not Unconstitutional. A

Texas corporation regularly shipped goods to various states and claimed that sales receipts of

these items should not be thrown back to Texas. In this hearing, the Comptroller of Public

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Accounts of the State of Texas did not divulge the name of the Texas corporation or its specific

business activities but denied the corporation’s contentions that the throwback rule was

unconstitutional and that it “violates the spirit and policies underlying P.L. 86-272 [by imposing

a] franchise tax on net income outside the state.”