Demographic Research: Volume 31, Article 33
http://www.demographic-research.org 1013
improves, well-educated women may be less confined to marrying the typical
breadwinner male partners, who tend to be older and better educated than themselves,
and instead have a wider range of choice of potential partners. In turn, a trend toward
educational hypogamy may become more prevalent as women move up the social ladder.
On the other hand, it is also possible that high living costs in modern societies not only
make women‟s earnings valuable in a marriage but also cause a continued reliance on
men‟s economic resources as a key criterion for establishing a family, and thus
hypergamy still prevails.
Prior research in the U.S. has reported evidence of increasing resemblance of
spouses in terms of educational attainment from 1930 to 1980 (Mare 1991). More
recently, Schwartz and Mare (2005) showed a continued rise in educational homogamy
from 1960 to 2003. College graduates in particular are becoming more likely to marry a
partner with similar education than to marry someone with lower education, and the least
educated have become much less likely to marry up (Schwartz and Mare 2005). A
comparative study of 65 nations indicated that lower levels of educational homogamy are
usually observed in times of low and high economic development − an inverted U-shaped
pattern. In particular, Confucianism tends to be associated with higher levels of
educational homogamy than Protestant culture (Smits, Ultee, and Lammers 1998).
In Asia, a recent study on South Korea shows that educational homogamy has
increased for marriage cohorts from the 1960s and later. Despite women‟s rapidly rising
educational profile, hypergamous marriages still dominate heterogamous unions (Park
and Smits 2005). Across East Asia, Smits and Park (2009) showed that in ten countries
the trend of educational assortative mating declines with increasing modernization.
Educational homogamy is lower in countries with stronger Confucian influence and for
women in cohorts with higher employment rates (Smits and Park 2009). To sum up,
marriage behaviors are shaped not only by an individual‟s social status, partner
availability, and gender relations but also by the broader economic context of a society.
In Taiwan, several studies in the 1990s attempted to unravel the assortative mating
patterns by education (Tsai 1994, 1996; Tsay 1996; Yang, Li, and Chen 2006). The
findings from two cross-sectional national surveys show that educational assortative
mating in the form of educational homogamy had been strong and stable between 1980
and 1992 (Tsai 1996). Among heterogamous marriages, hypergamy (i.e., women
marrying up) is the most common form of marriage circa 1990 (Tsai 1994). A later study
that analyzed cross-sectional national surveys in 1990 and 2000 indicates that
educational hypergamy decreased and both homogamy and hypogamy increased over the
study period (Yang, Li, and Chen 2006). A more recent study indicates that female
hypergamous marriages have declined between the pre-1970 and 1990s marriage
cohorts, and in Taiwan barriers to marrying individuals in other educational groups have
also declined (Chu and Yu 2010). All these studies on Taiwan use log-linear models to