The Classical Essay: Based on Ancient Oratorical Structuring
In ancient Greek and Roman society, rhetoricians developed an established method of argument known today as
classical oration. Classical oration [in Greek] consists of six parts: the exordium, the narratio, the partition, the
confirmatio, the refutatio, and the peroration, which in composition terms is the following: introduction,
narration, partition, arguments, refutation, and conclusion. This method of persuasion is still used in modern
classrooms as a model for argumentative papers.
-- Exordium: The introduction
Sets the tone for the rest of the paper: urgent, calm, humorous, satirical etc…
Reaches out to a specific audience who shares common goals, values, or concerns
Engages the reader’s interest by:
o Showing the importance of the issue—why is it relevant?
o Showing how the issue affects people or the community
o Connecting the topic with the audience’s interests
-- Narratio: Brings forth the facts of the case
Often a narration updates the reader on relevant material—lays a foundation
Briefly provides specific examples and background information
Offers ample information for understanding topic more thoroughly
-- Partitio: The thesis
A description that directly names the issue in dispute
Concisely lists arguments to be used in order of their appearance in the paper
-- Confirmatio: Writer lays out and supports arguments
Clearly defines each argument, point-by-point
Provides proof or evidence for arguments previously listed
Presents research or results to support thesis
Offers reasoning for claims of value—explains why something is significant
-- Refutatio: Writer looks at counter arguments and demonstrates why they aren't compelling
First, presents arguments along with research and evidence on opposing viewpoints
Then, explains why counter arguments are impractical
Demonstrates any deviations from logic
Shows how these arguments are weak or points out any flaws
Overall, show how your argument is somehow better despite oppositions
-- Peroratio: Conclusion/resolution of paper
Summarizes strongest arguments by reminding reader what was proven
May include emotional appeals or a call to action
Proposes a solution to the problem
Leaves the reader with a final impression
Paints a picture “of what it may be like if the advice of the argument is (or is not) followed