Commas &
Semi-colons
Commas and semi-colons are two forms of punctuation that help indicate to readers a
pause, change of direction, clarification, or list. They can help writers to transition, pace
sentences, layer meaning, and clarify.
Commas
How and when do writers use commas in sentences?
Listing or a series
When you have multiple elements— nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs— use a
comma to separate each item. The comma prior to the second to last item, and before
the “and” or “or,” is called the “oxford comma” and is considered optional in some
contexts. APA requires the oxford comma, and it is often encouraged for clarity’s sake.
My academic voice as a historian was pronounced, articulate, and confident.
After introductory phrases or words
Introductory phrases typically come before a sentence’s subject. Commas after short
phrases are typically optional.
When texting was first introduced, there was a 160-word character limit.
Similarly, you might spend hours upon hours on a paper that falls short in the eyes of its
main audience.
Setting off “nonessential” or “nonrestrictive” clauses
A “Nonessential” or “nonrestrictive” clause is not necessary for the sentence to remain
grammatically correct without it. Use two commas to set the clause apart from the rest
of the sentence.
Mary finds that little literature, written by both male and female authors, attends to the
actual experiences of women.
The study of words grants us the gift of insight, or the ability to see inside of thing, to
see the systems and structures that manifest themselves into parts of our daily lives.
Joining two “independent clauses” with a “conjunction” (and, or, but, so)
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. When you want to connect two
independent clauses, use a comma before the conjunction— and, or, but, or so.
Writing forces us to put our inner lives out on display, and that can be incredibly
intimidating.
Special thanks to Kendyl Harmeling, Lauren Plumlee, Kelby Gibson, Tristan DeWitt, Rose Dyar, and
Michelle Buntain for lending the example sentences from their UofL Writing Center blog posts.